Efectos y Prevenciones de la Compactación del Suelo en Labranza Convencional: Desafíos y Soluciones
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.28940/terralatinoamericana.v43i.2257Palabras clave:
estrés mecánico, estructura del agregado, maquinaria agrícola, productividad agrícolaResumen
El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar los mecanismos de compactación en labranza convencional, contribuyendo al conocimiento sobre la caracterización, prevención, reducción y eliminación de la compactación generada por el tráfico de maquinaria agrícola, afectando negativamente la germinación, el desarrollo radicular y, consecuentemente, el rendimiento de los cultivos. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Se analizaron 44 artículos científicos publicados en los últimos 20 años, complementados con libros relevantes; la búsqueda de información se realizó en bases de datos como Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, Taylor & Francis Online, Academia.edu y ResearchGate. Los resultados describen la compactación del suelo, sus factores y efectos, presentando además una cuantificación de los pesos transportados por la maquinaria agrícola y las presiones generadas en la interfaz neumático/suelo. Se exploran diversas técnicas de prevención y mitigación, desde la selección y gestión optimizada de la maquinaria (considerando lastrado, tipos de rodado y uso de agricultura de precisión) hasta la implementación de sistemas de labranza adecuados. Se concluye que, si bien, la compactación es inherente a la agricultura mecanizada, un enfoque integral y proactivo es indispensable para su gestión eficaz, siendo crucial optimizar simultáneamente la presión de contacto de la maquinaria, mejorar la capacidad de carga y estructura del suelo para asegurar una agricultura sostenible.
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